Wysoczany: A Lemko Village and its People

by Corinna Wengryn Caudill (based on the recollections of Anna Kachmar Homick)

Wysoczany in Fall, 2011.  Photo by C. Caudill

Wysoczany (Wysochany) is a village currently located with the gmina (administrative district) of Komancza (Komancha), in Sanok county in the Subcarpathian Voivoidship (province) of southeastern Poland, close to the border of Slovakia.  It lies approximately 14 km (9 miles) northeast of Komancza, 12 km (7 miles) south of Sanok, and 66 km (41 miles) south of the regional capital Rzeszow. 

Lemko choir group in Wysoczany

before the deportations in 1944-1947

Recent census estimates of Wysoczany record a current population of 110, but former resident Anna Kachmar Homick recalls that 59 families totaling more than 424 residents had lived there as of 1945. German wartime census records enumerated 377 residents, including 174 males and 203 females, and a majority of those residents were Lemkos.  (Note: German figures may not account for individuals who went to Germany for forced labor.)  Before the war and subsequent deportations, Wysoczany was comprised of mostly Lemko families, a few Polish families and one Jewish family.  From memory, Mrs. Homick sketched the map that appears below.  In the key below, buildings (most of them homes) are depicted by numbers and descriptions, and family surnames are listed for households.  (Note: An English translation of the key is also included.)  

Below, we have provided an English language translation of the above key.  Note that some hyphenated names reflect the fact that Lemkos often had "household" names in addition to their specific surnames, and their neighbors often referred to them by the household name.  Also note that some surnames may have alternative spellings in the Latin alphabet.  The list below has been phonetically transliterated from the cyrillic spellings in Mrs. Homick's list above:

(1.) Kachmar; (2.) Holovatyi (Holowaty), (3.) Mashlyanyk; (4.) Ochych; (5.) Vostafiv-Bodnyk; (6.) Didzhyk-Priadka; (7.) Pikhova; (8.) Sakhar; (9.) Karpa; (10.) Sukhyna); (11.) Symtsova-Levchak (alt. Lewczak); (12.) Korchma-Levchak; (13.) Hulova-Haidush (Haidosh, Gaidosh, Haidush, Guydash, and many alternative transliterated spellings exist for this surname); (14.) Haidush; (15.) Khotskova; (16.) Yurkova-Haidush; (17.) Sekelik; (18.) Tsalova-Ochych; (19.) Basova-Ochych; (20.) Haidush; (21.) Sheremeta-Leshkova: (22.) Lukacheva; (23.) Dudzhyk-Kostyk; (24.) Kachala; (25.) Huzepa: (26.) Sakhar: (27.) Hvozda: (28.) Levchak-Karpakova (Lewczak is alt. spelling); (29.) Tsinova; (30.) Dodzova: (31.) Sakharova; (32.) Mashlyanyk; (33.) Luchkanych; (34.) Mashlyanyk; (35.) Kavankova-Mycio; (36.) Yatsyla; (37.) Yatsyla-Sakhar; (38.) Shkola (School building); (39.) Tsirkova-Bodnyk: (40.) Tsinankova; (41.) "Korchma"-Shlomko (Store run by Jewish owner by the name of Shlomko); (42.) Tsopova-Varholyak (Warholyk, Warholyak); (43.) Lekhmaitsyova-Krolyak; (44.) "Tserkva" St. Paraskevia Greek Catholic Church (now nonexistent/destroyed); (45.) Horonova; (46.) Khlibyk; (47.) Horonova-Sekelik; (48.) Onushkova-Mashlyanyk: (49.) Petrunyova; (50.) Baitsova-Hrytsko (alt. Hrychko, Hrycko); (51.) Sass; (52.) Sass; (53.) Sekelik-Hrytsko; (54.) Sasyk-Yatsyla; (55.) Shertsova-Tymko; (56.) Shertsova; (57.) Baida; (58.) Tsapova; (59.) Tsapova

Number 41 depicts the location of the Jewish family's store ("korchma") that was located in the village.  Mrs. Homick told us that during the German occupation of the area, the store owner (with the family name "Shlomko") and his family were arrested by the Gestapo when they were discovered hiding at a neighbor's house in Wysochany.  As a school-aged child at the time, she personally witnessed the family's arrest from the nearby schoolyard.  Mr. Shlomko's neighbors had attempted to hide him and his family in bails of hay that were tied to the outside of their house (in the Carpathians, homes had no central heating and this was a common method of insulation used in the winter months.) 

Number 44 is the location of St. Paraskevia Greek Catholic church, which was built in 1805.  According to Oleh Iwanusiw's Church in Ruins, "...it's width was 6 meters, length was 17 meters and was 12 meters high.  It had three large domes with brass crosses.  The bell tower was wooden with one dome and four bells."  St. Paraskevia had been a filial (subsidiary) parish to the larger church in neighboring Polonna (Plonna), named "Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary."  St. Paraskevia was destroyed in the autumn of 1944 by the Red Army, and its bells were stolen.  Many former residents, like Mrs. Homick, believe that the bells were stolen by bandits from Niebieszczany, a neighboring Polish village.  Today, the only evidence that can be seen of the 1805 church is a few tombstones and the stone wall surrounding the cemetery.  Despite the wartime destruction of the church, the priests continued to hold liturgies until 1947, when all of the remaining inhabitants (who had not been deported to Ukraine) were forcibly deported to former German territories acquired by Poland as a provision of the Yalta Agreement.  

Wysochany Today

Men walking outside Kachmar homestead
in Wysoczany, Late 1930s (pre-war)

Most of Poland's Lemkos, including those living in Wysochany, were deported either to Ukraine (1945-1946) or to former German territories that were attached to the north and west of Poland as a provision of the 1945 Yalta Agreement. Mrs. Homick's family was deported to a village near Lubno in Northwest Poland in the 1947 Polish ethnic cleansing campaign called Akcja Wisla (Operation Vistula.)   For more information about Akcja Wisla and ethnic cleansing campaigns in Poland, please see our link here.

After World War II and the subsequent deportation actions, many Lemko villages were destroyed.  In Wysoczany, many of the structures that once stood there no longer remain.  However, Anna Homick's childhood home is still standing at #1 Wysochany, near the border of neighboring Mokre.  The structure is no longer occupied and has been modified by previous owners.  

Kachmar Homestead in Fall, 2011.  

More information about the Kachmar family experience can be found in the book Sam's Story by Anna's brother Sam Katchmar (who spells their surname differently.)  The book is available at Amazon.com and a summary of the book can be found on Mr. Katchmar's blog:
Sam Katchmar's Blog.




Sources:

Caudill, Corinna W.  Oral History Interview with Anna Kachmar Homick, November 20, 2011.
Caudill, Corinna W. and Richard Garbera Trojanowski.  Oral History Interview with Iryna Lewczak Mel'nyk.  September, 2012.
Iwanusiw, Oleh Wolodymyr.  Church in Ruins. 1987.
Katchmar, Sam.  Sam's Story: The Saga of an American Emigre-Immigrant. 2011